A rapid method of evaluating the zinc status of coastal plain soils

Abstract

A study was made to evaluate Zn removed by extraction with a 0.075 N acid mixture (0.05 N HCl + 0.025 N H₂SO₄). A ratio of soil to extracting solution of 1 to 4 and an extracting time of 15 minutes was selected. Data obtained by the method was significantly correlated with dithizone (0.01%) extraction. The method was found to be acceptable for evaluation of the Zn status of Southern Coastal Plain soils and easily adapted to routine use in soil testing. A significant correlation was obtained between extractable soil Zn and leaf blade content of Zn for Zn‐deficient and non‐deficient corn plants.     

酸性土壤水溶性氟浸提方法的研究

本文比较研究了振荡、超声、沸水浴和烘箱4种浸提酸性土壤水溶性氟的方法,然后采用离子色谱法对浸提液进行测定,并通过对测定数据进行统计与方差分析来确定最佳浸提方式。结果显示,水土比5:1,浸提时间20 min、温度60℃是振荡法与超声法浸提酸性土壤水溶性氟含量的最佳条件。在此条件下,振荡法与超声法浸提的土壤水溶性氟含量无显著差异,标准偏差均小于0.3%。超声法浸提的酸性土壤水溶性氟含量显著高于各自最佳处理条件下的沸水浴法与烘箱法浸提的水溶性氟含量。在离子色谱测定水溶性氟过程中,质量控制样品均在1倍标准偏差范围内。因此,采用离子色谱法测定超声法或振荡法浸提的酸性土壤水溶性氟是一种可行的、准确的试验方法,特别对于批量土壤样品的测定具有重要意义。     

2,4‐D Movement in Allophanic Soils from Two Contrasting Climatic Regions

Abstract

Allophanic top‐ and subsoils from the Mexican and Newzealand Central Volcanic Plateau, as well as a nonallophanic sandy loam soil, were sampled to study the impact of organic matter and allophane content on 2,4‐D fate. High sorption rates were found, especially in the two topsoils from Mexico and New Zealand, with distribution coefficient (K _d ) obtained from displacement experiments in packed columns equal to 7.61 and 8.43 L kg^?1 respectively. 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid transfer through the soil columns was found to be in chemical nonequilibrium and was well predicted using a two‐site sorption model. For the two allophanic top soils, K _d obtained from batch was very different to the K _d obtained from column experiments. Either the equilibrium could not be reached in batch or the two‐site model was not able to describe the wide range of sorption sites present in the highly reactive organic matter and allophane components.     

Influence of Different Forms of Iron and Aluminum on the Nature of Soil Acidity of Some Inceptisols,Alfisols, and Ultisols

Abstract

Fifteen acid soils of Mizoram representing Ultisols and Inceptisols, and Madhya Pradesh, representing Alfisols, were studied to characterize the nature of acidity in relation to different forms of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al). The mean contents of Fe and Al were extracted by various extracting reagents and were found to be in descending order as followed: dithionite>oxalate>pyrophosphate>ammonium acetate>KCl. The electrostatically bonded EB‐H⁺ and EB‐Al³⁺ acidity comprised 28.3 and 71.7% of exchangeable acidity whereas EB‐H⁺, EB‐Al³⁺, exchangeable, and pH‐dependent acidities comprised 9.8, 30.7, 40.5, and 59.5% of total potential acidity. All forms, of acidity showed significant correlation with pH_k and organic carbon. Among the different forms, Fe and Al caused most of the variations in different forms of soil acidity but the effect of different forms of Al are more active and directly participate in the formation of EB‐H⁺, EB‐Al³⁺, and exchangeable acidity.     

Inhibition of Extracellular Enzyme Activities in a Forest Soil by Additions of Inorganic Nitrogen

Abstract

Forest ecosystems are known to be nitrogen (N) limited, and productivity often increases with N additions. However, recent studies have suggested that additions of excessive N through atmospheric deposition may affect soil processes adversely. In this study, we conducted a laboratory‐based manipulation experiment to reveal the effects of N additions on extracellular enzyme activities in a temperate forest soil. Three different levels of N additions (water‐only control, low N addition, and high N addition) were applied to soil columns (2.5‐cm diameter×12 cm height) over 4 weeks. Overall, the additions of N decreased specific activities (enzyme activity per log bacterial cell number) of urease, glutaminase, phosphatase, and arylsulfatase significantly. However, dehydrogenase activity was increased with the high N addition. The results suggest that N deposition may impede nutrient cycling, particularly mineralization of organic nutrients. In addition, this enzyme inhibition may be one of the mechanisms for N retention observed in forest floors.     

Developing a Technique to Quantify Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Nitrification in Acidic Pasture Soils

Abstract

A series of laboratory incubation experiments were conducted on soils from Maindample and Ruffy in northeast Victoria and from Whittlesea in the Plenty Valley, north of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, to develop a technique for quantifying both autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification in acidic pasture soils. The use of a specific inhibitor of the autotrophic ammonium oxidizers (N‐serve) did not completely inhibit autotrophic nitrification in its commonly recommended concentrations (10 and 20 µg g^?1 soil) in these soils. The N‐serve concentration, which completely inhibited autotrophic nitrification, was found to be 60–80 µg g^?1. Varying soil types, pHs, and organic‐matter contents affected the optimum dose of N‐serve required for complete inhibition of autotrophic nitrification. Mixing the inhibitor with the soil after application was also important for immediate inhibition of autotrophic nitrification. Using N‐serve in combination with ¹⁵N‐labeled glycine in the Maindample soil showed that heterotrophic organisms were using the organic route for nitrification, and N‐serve did not affect heterotrophic nitrification. A lag of 12 to 24 h in complete inhibition of autotrophic nitrification by N‐serve may have occurred suggesting nitrification studies using N‐serve should include pre‐incubation of the soils with N‐serve for at least 1 day.     

Applied Mn extracted by four methods correlated with Mn concentrations in soybean leaf tissue on a southeastern soil

Abstract

Four extractants for soil Mn were compared for their sensitivity to changes in Mn availability caused by rates and sources of added soil Mn and soil pH variations. Their ability to extract amounts of Mn correlated with plant Mn concentrations was also determined. Two field experiments were conducted on a sandy, high water table soil (Ultic Haplaquod‐Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult) which included 5 Mn rates, 4 Mn sources and 3 soil pH levels. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivar Ransom] were grown and leaf tissue and soils sampled at the late pod‐fill stage. All four extractants separated the high‐ Mn rates, but the small exchange method did not separate the low Mn rates. Few differences were observed among extractants due to Ma sources. The DTPA method was the only procedure to correctly distinguish soil pH levels by showing decreasing extractable Ma with increasing soil pH. Including pH in multiple regressions significantly increased the plant Mn‐soil Mn correlation coefficients. The DTPA method and the 0.1N H₃PO₄ method had the highest correlation coefficients and the double acid method the lowest. The small exchange method was intermediate. Considering all the results, the DTPA was the most promising method for extracting Mn from this sandy, southern Coastal Plain soil.     

Investigation of Aluminum‐Tolerant Species in Acid Soils of South China

Abstract

The low‐hilly regions in South China are mainly covered with Ultisols and Alfisols with a pH of 4.5–6.0. The major factor limiting crop performance is soluble aluminum (Al) in acid soils, resulting in phytotoxicity in susceptible species. An investigation in Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces in South China showed that many plants including some native plants and cultivated crops (total of 27 species) could grow well in acid soils of these areas. The Al‐accumulating capacity in leaves varied greatly from species to species. Camellia oleifera Abel accumulated more than 13,500 mg kg^?1 Al in old leaves; Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, and Dicranopteris pedata (Houtt.) Nakaike accumulated more than 1000 mg kg^?1 Al in leaves; and Oryza sativa L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Brassica chinensis L. accumulated less than 200 mg kg^?1 Al in leaves. This investigation provides an important basis for further exploring Al accumulation and resistant mechanisms in plants.     

超临界CO_2提取人参籽油工艺研究及人参籽油脂肪酸组成分析

该研究以人参籽为原料,采用超临界CO2流体技术萃取人参籽油,通过正交试验优化了萃取人参籽油工艺参数,再将其与通过冷榨法及溶剂法提取的人参籽油进行对比,测定和比较了不同工艺制取的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成。试验结果表明,在萃取压力26MPa、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间2 h工艺条件下,人参籽油得率为16.2%。经检测,人参籽油脂肪酸组成为不饱和脂肪酸占99%以上,其中油酸含量极高,可达73.93%。通过不同制取方法所得到的人参籽油的脂肪酸组成分析表明,超临界CO2萃取法与溶剂萃取法所提取人参籽油的脂肪酸明显多于压榨法的脂肪酸成分;且超临界CO2萃取法具有无有机化学试剂残留的明显优势,因此,是未来人参籽油提取中可以应用的一种绿色环保的提取工艺和技术。     

两种硝化抑制剂在不同土壤中的效果比较

采用室内培养试验,比较了两种硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和双氰胺(DCD)在4种典型农田土壤(水稻土、潮土、黑土、红壤)中的抑制效果。结果表明,在培养期内土壤pH和NH4+-N呈先上升后下降的趋势,NO3--N和表观硝化率呈逐渐上升的趋势。与单施尿素处理(U)相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著增加了土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了NO3--N含量,表观硝化率表现为UU+DMPPU+DCD。在水稻土和潮土中,单施尿素处理的硝化过程到第14天时基本完成,添加硝化抑制剂使硝化过程延长了至少28天。在黑土和红壤中,尤其是在红壤中,硝化过程相对缓慢,施用抑制剂虽然降低了土壤的表观硝化率,但降低的程度低于水稻土和潮土。总之,在推荐用量下10%DCD的硝化抑制效果优于1%DMPP,且这两种抑制剂在不同土壤中的抑制效果不同。